Write my essay reviews: May 2020

Tuesday, May 26, 2020

Police and Gratuities The Slippery Slope Essay - 1131 Words

Gratuity Something given voluntarily or beyond obligation usually for some service. (Dictionary, 2010) When does a cup of coffee become a gratuity for a police officer? What is acceptable and what is not acceptable? If a police officer takes a free cup of coffee or a half priced meal does that make him vulnerable to take more. Does that act make the officer a bad officer or a corrupt officer? Does the person giving the gratuity expect something in return or is it just a gesture for the work the officer is doing? Almost every police department has a policy on the acceptance of gifts and gratuities for the officers and the department. Some police departments allow no gifts or gratuities and some may have a policy that states as long asÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Is there a middle ground that the officer can stand on or is the slope so steep that they can never recover? As a young officer, in the police academy you are told that you will never accept a gift, gratuity, or you career will be over. The young officer gets out of the academy and then reality sets in as they are paired with a veteran officer who is going to show them the ropes and how to survive on the streets. Some police departments are so riddled with police corruption that the public has no trust in them. One department that comes to mind is the New Orleans police department. That the department has been plagued by one scandal after another. Does the corruption of the New Orleans police department come from the officers taking a free cup of coffee or a half priced meal. John Kleinig points out that there are at least two different types of slippery slope arguments used when asserting that the acceptance of gratuities will lead to corruption, and both of these types of arguments can be employed in a variety of different ways.4 The two main types are the logical slope, and the psychological slope, and it is worth taking the time to distinguish the two. (Kleinig, 1996, pp. 163-87). Logical slippery slopes exist when there are no clearly defined boundaries that can be used to draw distinctions between different cases, and thus any line drawn in the sand between two extremes will have some degree of arbitrariness about it. (Kleinig, 1996) In this case, youShow MoreRelatedThe Slippery Slope to Corruption and the Public Corruption of Police Officers2483 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 10 PagesFor the Running Header: THE SLIPPERY SLOPE TO CORRUPTION The Slippery Slope to Corruption and the Public Corruption of Police Officers Ricky A Price, Col. U.S.A.F. (Ret) Kaplan University Online CJ340-02: Applied Criminal Justice Ethics Professor Kevin Stoehr 10 July 2012 The law enforcement agent, that represents government, bears the heavy responsibility of maintaining, in his own conduct and the honor and integrity of all government institutions. He, consequently, shall guard againstRead MoreThe Corruption Of Police Corruption1484 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagesconcerning police officers, police corruption has become a major topic. Police officers seem to be making more questionable and unethical decisions according to the media. With these questionable actions, the idea that police officers are corrupt has been a steadily growing opinion. I will be focusing this literature review on the history of police corruption, mostly in major cities/countries; the nature of police corruption; the ethics involved in law enforcement; causes for police corruption andRead MoreA Common Term That Is Classified As Being Corrupt Are Gratuities847 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesÃ£â‚¬â‚¬Ã£â‚¬â‚¬A common term that is classified as being corrupt are gratuities. A gratuity is defined as Ã¢â‚¬Å"any discount, gift or benefit one receives by virtue of their profession (Andrews).Ã¢â‚¬ Multiple departments have considered accepting gratuities a violation of their codes. The Law Enforcement Officer Ethical Standards of Conduct, or officer requirements, for the Florida Department of Law Enforcement states in principle six that Ã£â‚¬â‚¬Ã£â‚¬â‚¬Police officers shall not compromise their integrity, nor that of their DepartmentRead MoreLife Of Corruption Of Law Enforcement916 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesGratuity leads to a life of Corruption in Law Enforcement Gratuity can be defined as any discount, gift or benefit one receives by virtue of their profession. In policing that could come in the form of free coffee, food, services or cash. Police accepting gratuities can lead them down what is called a slippery slope into a life of corruption. An example would be that an officer will start with accepting free coffee and next the officer begins feeling entitled to other things that one can get fromRead MoreCj415 Final Exam1716 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesLink Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/cj415-final-exam/ The ________ hypothesis regarding crime argues that as a country undergoes economic development, its crime rate increases. slippery slope globalization modernization transnational crime 2 points Question 2 Generally, the police forces of any given country are much more likely to be dealing with ___________ crime and much less likely, if ever, to be dealing with _________ crime. transnational, international internationalRead MoreMorality Inside Of The Field Of Criminal Equity848 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesrelationship to tips, utilizing cases. Second I will talk about Theories in regards to open defilement and how police debasement creates has turned into an issue as the years progressed. There are three noteworthy speculations with respect to open defilement: society-everywhere theory, basic or association speculation, and spoiled apple speculation. Each of these hypotheses gives an alternate look as to police defilement. The theories are Society-at-Large Hypothesis, Structural or Affiliation Hypothesis andRead MoreEssay about The Problem of Police Corruption1190 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pages Police corruption is legally, morally, and ethically wrong. The art of corruption has existed from the beginning of policing to the present day. Investigations have uncovered several acts of dishonesty and crime ranging from petty theft to murder. To help combat corruption the government creates commissions such as the Knapp and Wickersham Commission to investigate allegations of corruption. If acts of corruption are found and substantiated the commission takes criminal action against theRead MorePolice Corruption2291 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 10 Pagesand discretion in police work produces great potential for abuse. Police corruption has been a problem in American society since the early days of policing. An ancient natural tendency of human beings is to attempt to placate or win over those in positions of authority over them. This tendency is complicated in todayÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s materialistic society by greed and by the personal and financial benefit to be derived from evading law. The temptations toward illegality offered to police range from freeRead MorePolice Corruption1032 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pages In Edwin J. Deltarres book Character and Cops he explores three hypotheses for police corruption in the United States. Some are somewhat historical, but they are still relevant to the problem of corruption today. The first hypothesis is called the society at-large theory by former Chicago Police Superintendent O. W. Wilson. Wilson was superintendent of the Chicago Police Department during the early nineteen sixties. The second hypothesis is called the structural theory. The thirdRead MoreGo vernment Enforcement Has Been Active Since The Beginning Of This Occupation1926 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 Pageshundreds of officers that have not been caught. Police corruption can generally be defined as using oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s authority and power as a police to gain and benefit illicitly (Wilson et. al, 1977). Some officers become corrupted as early as the academy or as late as years into their career. Many are not even aware that the acts they are involved in are forms of corruption. Some acts may seem harmless, but in actuality, it goes against certain codes police officers abide by and some acts is just not fair

Police and Gratuities The Slippery Slope Essay - 1131 Words

Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Steroids and Drug Testing among Athletes - 1017 Words

The primary difference between athletes taking steroids and assembly line workers taking opioids is that the latter could be directly endangering those around them in an immediate way. Whereas athletes do serve as role models for young people and should not be normalizing the use of steroids, their choice to dope is one that has little direct impact on other people. Therefore, the argument can be made that certain jobs and certain tasks do not warrant aggressive drug policies to curtail the use of substances by employers. Oakland Athletics pitcher Brandon McCarthy lives in fear, because his employer has become aggressive with random drug testing (cited by McCauley, 2012). McCarthy is clean; he says he is legitimately nervous knowing youre 100 per cent clean, because of the possibility of sabotage or a freak false positive (cited by McCauley, 2012). Surely, a personal rights-based ethical framework needs to be taken into consideration when applying anti-drug policies universally to every profession. The right to privacy also needs to be taken into account, especially with regards to employees like Sue Bates, who was fired from her job with no consultation or warning. Her employer, Dura Automotive Systems, suddenly altered their policy of drug testing to include prescription drugs legitimately prescribed by doctors and not bought off the street for recreational use (Zezima Goodnough, 2010). The problem with the hard-lined policy currently being practiced is that itShow MoreRelatedDrug Testing of High School Students1075 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesMandatory Drug Testing of High School Athletes Brandon had always wanted to play football for his high school team. He had always been one of the slowest and smallest boys in his grade. While in 8th grade, he was introduced to performance enhancing drugs. He was sold on the fact that they would make him stronger, faster, and maybe give him a shot to make the high school football team. During his first year of taking the performance enhancing drug, Brandon had increased strength and self-prideRead MoreEssay on Routine Drug Testing For High School Athletes1045 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagescreate more miracles than any wonder drugÃ¢â‚¬ (Neal). However, many teenagers of this era, large part athletes, seem to think differently and they constantly use illegal drugs. To help fight this problem, many colleges have taken strong actions in trying to stop drug abuse by athletes. High schools throughout the country have considered taking these same actions for various reasons as well. Some people believe that high school athletes ought to b e given a routine drug test because it will help preventRead MoreAnabolic Steroids : A Fatal Attraction1734 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesAnabolic Steroids in Sports The market for top performing athletes in sports in the 21st century is a competitive one. Athletes are pushed to, be stronger, an heal from injuries faster. With the pressure to do well and get picked up by a professional team of sorts goes without saying that hard work is a must to elevate ones professional athletic career, but what if one has reached a plateau or hit a wall in a training regimen and just can not seem to push through? When some athletes hit the proverbialRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs in Sports1207 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesThe growth and use of performance enhancing drugs makes them no longer a taboo subject among professional athletes, and is starting to become in fact rampant among athletes. There appears to be no end in sight when leagues like the NFL and NCAA have weak testing programs. Traditional locker rooms in the NFL have a few steroid users and have many HGH abusers due to the NFLÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s weak testing programs. HGH has become a rampant issue for the NFL, because it allows the average NFL player to gain an edgeRead MoreAnabolic Drug Use Among Athletes1668 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesAthletes that use this drug typically take it with testosterone to help side effects such as a loss of sex drive, depression, and moodiness. The Sixth steroid is called Oxymetholone, also known as Anadrol. This drug comes in a tablet form. Anadrol improves red blood cell production and increases the amount of hemoglobin that helps to treat anemia. Although the FDA approves Anadrol, this drug still has serious side effects. These include breast cancer in males and females and reabsorption of the boneRead MoreAnabolic Steroid Use in Sports Summary1493 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesAnabolic Steroid use in Sports The competitive drive to win at all cost is fierce among athletes. Winning at all cost often includes using one of many performance enhancing drugs such as anabolic steroids. Many athletes use performance enhancing drugs, like steroids, to achieve higher goals and set higher records than other drug-free successful athletes. Although athletes are performing at higher levels when using such drugs, what is the cost? Finally anabolic steroids should remain bannedRead More The Use of Steroids in Athletics and its Effects on Athletes1384 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesThe Use of Steroids in Athletics and its Effects on Athletes According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, an athlete is defined as Ã¢â‚¬Å"a person who is trained or skilled in exercises, sports, or games requiring physical strength, agility, or stamina.Ã¢â‚¬ Athletes train and practice year-round to prepare for the competition and challenges. At times during the preparation, injuries are sustained and fatigue is endured. To rid themselves of these obstacles, athletes take performance-enhancing drugs, which areRead MoreAnabolic Steroids : Use And Performance Enhancing Drugs1516 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pages The Debate over Anabolic Steroids The use of performance enhancing drugs like anabolic steroids has been a debatable topic in the United States as early as the 1950Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s. Former U. S. Representative Howard Berman expresses that Ã¢â‚¬Å"Steroids can seem necessary to compete at the highest level, and the quick rewards may seem to outweigh the long term consequences to users.Ã¢â‚¬ The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) states that countless athletes, both young and old, face life threatening illnesses dueRead More The Use of Steroids and Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports1507 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pageswrite my paper on the topic of steroids and performance enhancing substances that are used today in sports. In this paper I hope to focus on the steroids and performance enhancing drugs and how they have become a problem in sports. Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ An anabolic steroid is a substance that is related to male sex hormones, known as testosterone. The word Ã¢â‚¬Å"AnabolicÃ¢â‚¬ means muscle building. The word Ã¢â‚¬Å"steroidsÃ¢â‚¬ is just referred to as a drug name or a class of drug. Some athletes have made the decision that theyRead MoreSteroids and Sports DonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t Mix Essay1662 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagesuse performance-enhancing drugs. The 1956 Olympic Games where plagued with athletes using performance-enhancing drugs, so countries began to speak out against the harm that drugs were causing to the athletes and the sport (6 Anonymous). Long-term use of performance-enhancing drugs will destroy athletes bodies. Doping is the use of illegal substances that is harmful to athletes health and is capable of enhancing performance. Doping also refers to the presence of drugs in the athletes blood or

Friday, May 15, 2020

Study On The Uses Of Hybrid Finance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1985 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? An instrument of hybrid finance can be defined as a security which holds the combination of features of both equity and debt. Users can benefit from the positive factors of equities and debt instruments without incurring the disadvantages of them. However there are also risks that are associated with the use of hybrids. There are various forms that hybrid financing can take, for example convertible bonds, warrants, preference shares, callable bonds and innovative hybrids. In this essay the various forms of hybrid finances are reviewed with reference to why companies use them. Details about the advantages and disadvantages of using each of the various instruments will then be given. This will follow with a section on why companies would and would not want to obtain a hybrid finance structure, and will then go on to talk about how the use of hybrid finance has changed during the current climate and the reasons behind this. Finally the conclusion will summarize the c ontents of this essay. A convertible bond is a bond which can be converted into a fixed amount of the firms equity at a specific time and price throughout its life. This is done at the discretion of the bondholder. This hybrid finance instrument is generally issued because as a result of it, there is a delayed dilution of earnings per share and common stock. Furthermore, the bond is obtainable at a lower coupon rate than with that of a straight bond. Convertible bonds let the firm play down negative understandings that investors may have of its corporate actions. Investors consider this as a value-added element. Convertible bonds combine the advantages of bonds and stocks. It presents a lower rate of return in return for the option to trade the bond into stock. Investors are able to benefit from the interest payments and any stock increases. However, rises in interest rates result in a decline in the stock price. If stock prices fall, the price of the convertible bond would also fall. Another disadvantage is that most convertible bonds have a callable character, which as a result investors have to reinvest the earnings in an investment where monetary gains are less. Convertible bonds should be converted when the stock price reaches a particular level. This is often very high and as a consequence it is advised, instead of waiting for the level to be reached, the stock should be purchased at the current lower price. A warrant is a quoted certificate which is transferable. The holder of a warrant has the right but not an obligation to buy or sell an underlying security at a particular price, quantity and future time. The particular price is called a strike price. In this manner it is comparable to an option. However, the company issues it rather than being an instrument of the stock exchange. The warrant represents a security which is distributed by the issuing company as opposed to an investor holding the shares. The advantage of using warrants is that com panies can use them to lure investors into buying the new security. This is because in general warrants have low costs and the initial investment that is needed to gain a large amount of equity is reasonably low. Throughout a bull market, warrants offer significant gains to an investor and during a bear market they can present protection to an investor. Warrants can also be used to raise a shareholders confidence in a stock, given that the underlying value of the security essentially does increase over time. Furthermore, warrants have high transparency and are therefore attractive for speculators and hedgers. Another advantage of the price of warrants being low is that the leverage and gearing they present is high. Thus there is more of likelihood for larger capital gains. On the other hand, this could be seen as being disadvantageous because it could lead to larger capital losses. Warrants do not offer the holder any shareholding, voting or dividend rights. Thus they have no say in the operations of the company, even though they are affected by any decisions that are made. As well as this, there is also the risk to the investor because the certificate value could drop to zero before the warrant is exercised. This would result in the warrant losing all redemption value. A preference share is legally a share, but it is different from an ordinary share. Preference shares can also be known as preferred stock. The shareholders do not carry voting rights. They have the economic effect comparable to that of bonds. Holders of preference shares have the right and obligation to be rewarded the dividend before the ordinary shareholders. The dividends are fixed like bond coupons but there are usually times when payments are delayed or not paid. Preference shareholders have a lower priority than debt holders if a company is liquidated, however they have a higher priority than ordinary shareholders. These factors let the cash inflow for preference shares to be more like that of debt, as opposed to that of ordinary shares. Fixed dividends are similar to interest payments; however because they are legally shares, they receive the same tax treatment as shares. On the other hand preference shares also have characteristics of equity, for example there is an opportunity for appreciation to occur, even though this would be reduced compared to that of ordinary shareholders. A callable bond is a bond that can be traded in by the issuer before its maturity. When it is issued, details about its redemption and price need to be explained. A premium is normally paid to bond holders when the bond is called and the earlier the bond is called, the higher the premium. The bond is usually called because of a decline in interest rates. If the interest rate has seen a decline since the company first issued the bonds, the company will wish to refinance this debt at a lower rate of interest and will therefore call its existing bonds and reissue them at a lower rate o f interest. This is because it saves money on paying coupon payments. A disadvantage to the bondholder is that they have no other option in the matter if the bond is called. Interest payments stop soon after the bond is called. Thus there is no reason to hold on to it. In general, callable bonds carry a call protection, which means that they cannot be called for a certain period of time. This can be a disadvantage for the issuer. Innovative hybrid financing is a type of debt security which is combined with derivatives. It is a well-liked method of hybrid financing. The income for innovative hybrid financing is linked with numerous economic variable quantities. These include foreign exchange rate, interest rate, commodity price, share market index and several others. Innovative hybrid financing is used to assist in handling risk. There are numerous benefits and reasons why a company would use hybrid finance. Firstly, capital can be increased while avoiding diluting existing equ ity excessively. Hybrid financing gives investors a wider variety of return and risk. It also has a selection of tax treatment combinations, thus allowing investors to benefit from these and other regulatory benefits they offer. Luder (2005) and Shaviro (2009) suggests that investors can benefit from the tax treatment by choosing whether they are taxed at their own marginal tax rate or at the corporate tax rate, depending on whether they treat the financing characteristics as debt or equity. It can also be used to decrease control risk for either the issuer or the borrower. Hybrid financing plays a significant role in making the market more comprehensive. When a company chooses to use hybrid financing, the main reasons behind it is because the company can keep equity ownership and voting rights, at the same time as being able to raise capital for future needs. Using hybrid financing lets this happen, for example exercising warrants brings in new equity capital while avoiding the nee d to give up low coupon debt. As for convertible bonds, no new funds are brought in, but the debt ratio is lowered when the bonds are converted, thus allowing new debt to be issued. When issuing hybrid finance, the company has to realise that they could have debt outstanding for a number of years before it can be exercised, if stock prices do not rise over time. On the other hand, the reasons why companies may not want to issue hybrid finances are because hybrid securities are very responsive to interest rate movements and security prices may decrease because of a credit rating downgrade. Although hybrid financing is more favourable than equity, it ranks behind debt obligations. Another downfall is that a movement in the price of ordinary shares can have a negative impact. Hybrid financing depends on the issuers ability to meet its financial requirements and other balance sheet essentials. In recent years, there has been a movement in the pattern of how companies use hybrid fi nancing. Hybrid financing started off being very popular within companies. This is because regulators and issues had taken on more sophisticated approaches to controlling risk. Beales and Wighton (2006) reported that companies around the world would want to use this form of financing because of various benefits they would receive. However, in the current economic climate a change could be seen. Some companies and investors were not benefiting from the use of hybrid finance and therefore there was a decrease in the issuance of hybrid finance. For example in 2008, due to a combination of factors, Creacute;dit Agricole reported the market for convertible bonds was shut down for a few months. These factors included the widening of credit spreads, a decline in the equities market and a drop in hedge funds leverage. Aiginger (2009) suggests that a contributing factor to the financial crisis was the lack of judgment in risk management. This can be linked to why hybrid financing was not ben eficial to companies and investors. If companies had been prudent, they would have been more cautious as to which hybrid securities they adopted. Investors became more cautious as to how they invested their money; their confidence in companies was reduced significantly as they saw companies becoming bankrupt. The financial crisis has lead to a decrease in the use hybrid securities not just in the United Kingdom, but all over the world. As the conditions of the current climate improve, there has been proof of the use of hybrid financing increasing and there is talk that it will continue to increase. Erste (2010) suggests that the reason behind why hybrid financing is becoming popular again is because of the low interest rate environment. I am optimistic that we will evolve into a situation in which there are more hybrid securities of one form or another. Steven Sahara (2010). This evidence given by the global head of hybrid capital structuring at Calyon, supports the idea that there will be an increase in the use of hybrid financing in the future. Kalkavan (2010) comments on how investors are pleased that the deg;stanbul Stock Exchange (deg;MKB) are introducing warrants. It is suggested that the introduction of warrant shows promises for a much deeper market and has attracted investors because of the limited risk feature. In conclusion, I believe that hybrid financing can be beneficial to companies as it can help when investors have the belief and are afraid that funds will be invested in a way that will increase the firms risk profile. Compared to using straight debt, hybrid financing can reduce this fear for investors. However the financial crisis has shown that companies need to be cautious as to the types of hybrid finance that are issued. On a more positive note, it can be seen that as the situation improves, more companies are adopting different forms of hybrid finance. This is attracting investors as the rate of risk is reducing. DonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t waste time! 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Impact Of Organizational Ambidexterity On The...

Ã¢â‚¬Å"Organizational ambidexterity refers to an organizationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ability to be efficient in its management of todayÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s business and also adaptable for coping with tomorrowÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s changing demand. Just as being ambidextrous means being able to use both the left and right hand equally, organizational ambidexterity requires the organizations to use both exploration and exploitation techniques, to be successful.Ã¢â‚¬ Ambidexterity allows the organization to be creative and adaptable, while continuing to use traditional methods of operating. Exploration involves searching for new opportunities and capabilities. This includes innovation which also includes a level of risk but this innovation leads to a competitive advantage, whereas exploitation involves implementation of existing opportunities and capabilities. Companies that focus only on exploration face the risk of wasting resources on ideas that may not prove useful or never be developed eg. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Kodak excelled at film photography but has not been able to make the leap to digital camerasÃ¢â‚¬ . On the other hand, companies that focus only on exploitation may accept minimum performance and products and fail to reach optimal levels of success. Therefore there has to be a balance between the two strategies within the organization. An organization that is successful in using both exploiting and exploring strategies is termed ambidextrous. Such an organization is able to separate its exploratory units from its exploitative ones thus leading toShow MoreRelatedAn Effective Customer Relationship Management ( Crm )1061 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesEFFECTIVE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (CRM) STRATEGY SHOULD ENCOMPASS RANGE OF ACTIVITIES INCLUDING CUSTOMER CENTRIC SERVICES AND PRODUCT DESIGN, IT ALSO PLAN ON WORKING SOFTWARE CAPABLE OF TRACKING, AUTOMATING, ORGANIZING COMMUNICATION WITH CUSTOMERS. IN CRM SOFTWARE IS A CLASS OF PROGRAMMING THAT COVERS AN EXPANSIVE ARRANGEMENT OF APPLICATIONS AND SOFTWARE INTENDED TO HELP ORGANIZATIONS OVERSEE CUSTOMER INFORMATION AND CUSTOMER COOPERATION , ACCESS BUSINESS DATA, AUTOMATED SALES, MARKETINGRead MoreIntended And Emergent Essay2748 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 11 PagesÃ¯ » ¿Evaluate the suitability of the emergent and intended approaches to strategic management for Tesco One of the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s largest retailers operating in 12 different countries and with over 500,000 employees is Tesco PLC (Tesco, 2014). TescoÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s states their strategic priorities as to continue their investment in the strong UK businesses, establish a multichannel leadership and to pursue disciplined international growth (Tesco, 2014). In any company, strategy plays a key part in its success or failureRead MoreNew Developments in Technology Management7684 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 31 PagesAcademy of Management Learning Education, 2009, Vol. 8, No. 3, 324 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ336. ........................................................................................................................................................................ New Developments in Technology Management Education: Background Issues, Program Initiatives, and a Research Agenda PHILLIP H. PHAN The Johns Hopkins University DONALD S. SIEGEL University at Albany, SUNY MIKE WRIGHT Nottingham University Business SchoolRead MoreUk / Sustainability Stories Reading Lm )2055 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 9 PagesThe word sustainability has been defined Ã¢â‚¬Ëœas the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ (Mansdorf, 2010). True Food Co-operatives in UK is a community owned business which specializes in the sale of eco-friendly household products, organic food and vegetables (Thompson, 2011). The company sells the products weekly in the neighborhood markets, and has implemented the unique strategy of selling 90 of their products

A Short Note On Hed 525 Exam # 1 - 1323 Words

HED 525 Exam #1 (Midterm) October 27, 2015 Please read the following instructions very carefully. Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Read carefully ... carefully .... carefully! More points are lost from skimming over important elements than anything else! There are clear Ã¢â‚¬Å"right answersÃ¢â‚¬ to all of these questions, and the info you need is often in the details! Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Stay focused and avoid Ã¢â‚¬Å"everything but the kitchen sinkÃ¢â‚¬ answers. Including a bunch of information that does not add to your discussion will likely result in being unable to complete the exam in the allotted time. Ã¢â‚¬ ¢You may refer to your book and class notes, but workalone and use your own words, not quotes. Ã¢â‚¬ ¢If you need to, you may use additional sheets of your own paper to complete the exam. Please clearly label the question # on the additional sheets. Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Show me what you knowÃ¢â‚¬ ¦I know you are a smart group! 1.Why do we have an entire class devoted to Health Behavior Theory?(2 pts) What is its value or application to the field of Health Education/Promotion/Public Health?(2 pts) How do professionals in our field use theory to help address health-related problems? (2 pts) An entire class is devoted to Health Behavior Theories due to the following: To gain knowledge and a foundation on how to use theories. Theories can guide the search to understand why people do or do not practice health promoting behaviors, help identify what information is needed to design an effective intervention strategy, and provide insight into how to design a program so

MNC Strategy and social Adaptation in Emerging Markets

Question: Discuss about the MNC Strategy and social Adaptation in Emerging Markets. Answer: Introduction: The following essay is going to demonstrate key international business level analysis of MMG Mining, Australia and validate the company as a Multinational Corporation. Analysis of international business is done on the basis of different international business theories. Though there are three major international business theories, the main emphasis of this essay is going to analyse the international business of MMG Mining through Porters diamond theory. Different factors affect a business organisation in performing international business (Cavusgil et al.,2014) . These factors are political, social, economic and legal ones. The aforesaid theories are going to be related to the real practices of business sectors (Beck, 2015). MMG mining is one of the largest diversified base metals companies in Australia that was founded in the year 2009(MMG Limited, 2017). MMG Mining has extended its business and production i.e. mining in countries like Thailand, Bolivia, Peru, Angola and others. The major operations centres of MMG are in Thailand, Bolivia and Tasmania.It has its branch offices in Angola, South Africa and other African countries. The company looks forward to the expansion of its business and mining projects in Canada and Queensland (MMG Limited-Operations, 2017). MMG Limited owns the mines of Cotambus and Sepon. Future operation of zinc mining from Dugald River is one of the most awaited projects of this base metal organisation. Globalisation of Business and Production: Industrial boom and social cohesion has created a new market option for the business organisations to expand their operations. Market globalisation is a synergy that happens to be the key factor to cause the multi-dimensional products and services to impend and reach to the customers (Fillat, GarettoOldenski, 2015). Globalisation is interpreted both by the views of the customers and by the views of the sellers or he producers who witness the market demand.An article published by The National Bureau of Economic Research states that the ways of interaction among the nations are being changed and transformed by globalisation(nber.org, 2017). The immediate effect of globalisation has been foreign outsourcing that has further caused increasing demand for labour- both in national and international level- in order to increase the rate of production and enhance the variety of manufacturing products. The concept of production has quite changed in the twenty- first century. Production is not c aptivated within the concept of manufacturing or agricultural production. It has vastly extended to the realm of mining. Mining has become one of the key businesses of international production. Democratic Republic of Congo is highly potential for the availability of natural resources. The country has major contribution towards the global mining of cobalt and copper.After the contract signed between DRC and IMF (International Monetary Fund) in 2010, the Government of Congo passes a law of business and trade liberalisation in terms of mining- specifically mining of diamond (Morgan, 2009). Post 2010 period has opened a broad doorway for many of the capitalist countries to invest and perform production business in mining industry. Thus, MMG grabbed the opportunity to utilise the abundance of copper in DR Congo. International business venture of the case company, MMG Ltd. is going to be analysed through two major international business theories: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory and Porters theory of National Competitive Advantage (Diamond Model). Heckscher-Ohlin Theory: Democratic Republic of Congo has extensive mineral reserve whereas Australia does not have adequate resource on copper and cobalt. Hence, Australian mining organisations such as MMG Ltd. shows interest in venturing business in DR Congo. On the other hand, Democratic republic of Congo enjoys service sector engagement in the country. There lies the implication of Heckscher-Ohlin Theory of factors endowments. The theory of factor endowments includes the value of land, labour and capital. Abundance of hardworking labour in the Democratic Republic of Congo interests MMG Ltd. in investing capital for mining business. Due to the working ability of the workers, the productivity level is significantly increased thus ensuring higher extension of profit margin. Moreover, the availability of labour in the host country is cheaper than that in Australia. Therefore, labour cost of MMG Ltd. is automatically exempted. Since mining is labour and technology intensive, the production level is highly foc used on perfect utilisation of strong workforce. It thus ensures the global benefit of the investing company. Political Economic Challenges: The Government of Democratic Republic of Congo has highlighted few facts that demonstrate the challenges faced by the MNCs to initiate new business venture in the country. Poor business infrastructure in the country causes tough working environment for the new entry businesses. This is why the World Banks Ease of Doing Business Index (2015) has listed the country in 176the position out of 189 countries in the world. Less abundance of the middle class workers results in skilled and educated labourers who can carry out the performance in a competitive level (Davidson et al., 2014). Another huge challenge for a new entry is the lack of proper facility in the transportation. DRC has not gone up to the international level in terms of transport and communication Despite huge availability of natural resources, the country lacks the impression to invite the international companies to perform mining business. It happens because of local mafias and political corruption. Specifically, MMG Ltd might face the same challenges while entering into the business of resource mining and procurement. Resource mining and procurement needs huge back up from the host country. The mining companies undergo several laws, rules and regulations in order to perform one of the most complex businesses. Mining industry, in particular, has huge risk in terms of adhering to the international policies designed by the United Nations. However, the government of the host country and the investing country fall in a trade and business deal that is considered to be the international business deal. Congo is only fulfilled with natural resource as it mere has any other strength to contribute in a developed economy. However, the companies opting to do international business in a country are bound to give some authentic commitments, which are observed by both the signatories. MMG Ltd. is to provide employment opportunities to the people of the host country. However, lack of skilled la bourers and inadequate labour supply in the labour market causes business deficit to the company (ForsgrenJohanson, 2014). Exchange Transfer: Democratic Republic of Congo belongs to LDCs (Less developed Country). Due to huge difference in currencies most of the Multi National Companies investing in the country face a problem with currency rate.Difference in market value and currency creates turmoil while making payment to the employees. MMG Ltd has huge strength of workers.Due to lack of trained workers in DR Congo, the company often hires workers in for managerial and administrative post from other countries. Hence, payment becomes an issue. In case of new business entry, investment and payment to the government (through taxation and other mode ) is often hindered by difference in currency. The problem lies in the fact that currency value vary regularly. It is highly complex to be updated and carry on with the payment transfer. Huge bulk of loan makes a government obligated to put pressure upon the investing companies. In order to ease the burden of loan, the government often impose high rate of taxation upon the investing companies. MMG Ltd. being a new venture in mining industry undergoes certain business trauma in course of performing business in the foreign countries. The company initially aims at the countries with huge resource availability. However, other factors like taxation or post imposition of taxation i.e. revised taxation policies after investing in the country. Post taxation is more awful for MMG because it has not become as established as other mining companies are. Since MMG in involved in its mining business in not more than eight countries and it does not focus on any other business sector, Congos policy of taxation threatens smooth business dealing of the company. Congo has huge burden of loan from the World Bank. It is obvious for the country to channelize the burden through increasing the rate of FDI. Political Direct Interference: One of the most favourite African countries of foreign investors is Nigeria. Nigerias international trade policy is quite friendly to the investors to venture new business plan. However, the scenario is quite different in DR Congo. The revised trade policy of 2010 remains quite old and conventional in nature. Though the trade policies are moulded following the instruction of WTO, it is quite stringent for the big marketers and investors. Free trade is unavailable in DRC thus creating complex relation between the country and the investors. The only reason of showing business interest in the country is the abundance of raw materials. However, how far MMG would exploit the potential presence of those resources depends on the permissible performance rate. Entry Mode strategies: Franchising option is one of the key strategies of a foreign investor. MMG Ltd looks forward to spread its franchising in different countries so that the business is moulded according to the government regulations and the mother company is not affected hugely by discrepancies (Zhao, Park Zhou, 2014). MMG Mining has acquired one of the largest mines in the world in Democratic Republic Congo in 2012. The main objective of doing is to ensure the firm expansion of business. Since the company is not always able to comprehend of the local consumer market and labour market, it distributes the responsibilities of market analysis to the third part that performs the task extensively. In order to expand international business, an MNC ought to review the business environment of the host countries. The company fully exploits the potential of resources in six to seven countries across the world. Overseas business of MMG has been strictly captivated into those places that are highly resourceful. Within a very short period the company has notably utilised the foreign policies and strengthened international trade relation with the host countries.The essay is particularly going to analyse the international business challenges faced by MMG while extending its business in DR Congo (Enderwick, 2013). However, a brief overview of the international business challenges for a new entry is highlighted in the essay. Different market scholars have viewed that globalisation has caused integration of people in a closed place. This has entailed huge reduction in the cost of transport and communication. It has also facilitated the labour market with adequate abundance of labour. Ease of flow of goods and services, capital and human resource has created a huge room for the MNCs to examine availability of best business opportunity. However, most of the Multi National companies were found to have faced challenges because of cultural differences. Such demarcation of cultural practices even in the working environment has cost the companies. An Australian or US manufacturing company always struggles to cope up with the new cultural regime prevalent in the host countries. Culture is often assisted by local politics. Therefore, amalgamation of these to human attributes might hinder the growth of th e MNCs while practicing profit making business. According to Wells, political challenges are basically generated through stringent government action or inaction in a particular country. While liberalisation opens doorway for the MNCs to show interest in a countrys consumer and labour market, nationalisation puts grotesque impact upon their business. Besides this major challenge, there are other minor challenges too for an MNC to enter into international business(De Loecke Goldberg, 2014). These are supply and procurement policies of the government, health and safety issues, certain frameworks of Governments SOP (standard operation procedure), and taxation policies and so on. The essay examines and analyses whether such challenges prevail in the democratic Republic of Congo and how it affects the business of MMG Ltd in procurement of natural resources from the country (Hall et al., 2015). Porters Diamond Theory: The international business level of MMG Ltd is going to be interpreted through Porters Diamond Theory of International Advantage. Porter has designed a model postulating how the national business organisations could advance their business in international arena. He supposed different situational advantages in international business. These are: Factor conditions, Supporting industries, demand conditions at home, strategic structure and rivalry, interventions of government and chance events. As far as factor conditions are concerned, Democratic Republic of Congo is highly equipped with natural resources. However the main challenge lies in this fact that there is lack of proper infrastructure and knowledge resource that can be utilised for advancement of business in the country. Related and supportive industry means the presence of suppliers in international market. DR Congo lacks the initiators in supply chain management however; thorough effort of improvement can easily overcome the s etbacks in no time. Demand conditions at home determine the success and failure of a market. Though there s no high demand for minerals in Congo, growing number of manufacturing industries in Australia and other countries inspire mining activity of MMG. MMG faces various political and economic challenges such as poor business infrastructure, less abundance of the middle class workers, lack of proper facility in the transportation and lack of international companies in order to perform mining business. The political scenario of DR Congo has also also possess a challenge to the company. The revised trade policy of 2010 remains quite old and conventional in nature. Lack of free trade in DRC has led to a complex relationship between the country and the investors. Honest supply chain is another important issue in international busineses. Since investors depend on local suppliers while investing in the countries, the company duly checks the honesty and credibility. The situation is same for Democratic Republic of Congo. Conclusion: Apart from all these efforts, the MNCs are to strategise skilfully in order to overcome the challenges for entry level business. MMG Ltd. ensures that its foreign business is highly equipped with resources- both natural and human. Proper chalk-out of the strategies helps the companies in business retention and professional welfare. Reference: Beamish, P. (2013).Multinational Joint Ventures in Developing Countries (RLE International Business). Routledge. Beck, U. (2015).What is globalization?. John Wiley Sons. Bodie, Z. (2013).Investments. McGraw-Hill. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014).International business. Pearson Australia. Davidson, C., Heyman, F., Matusz, S., Sjholm, F., Zhu, S. C. (2014). Globalization and imperfect labor market sorting.Journal of International Economics,94(2), 177-194. De Loecker, J., Goldberg, P. K. (2014). Firm performance in a global market.Annu. Rev. Econ.,6(1), 201-227. Enderwick, P. (Ed.). (2013).Multinational Service Firms (RLE International Business). Routledge. Fillat, J. L., Garetto, S., Oldenski, L. (2015). Diversification, cost structure, and the risk premium of multinational corporations.Journal of International Economics,96(1), 37-54. Forsgren, M., Johanson, J. (2014).Managing networks in international business. Routledge. Hall, B. J., Murray, S. M., Galea, S., Canetti, D., Hobfoll, S. E. (2015). Loss of social resources predicts incident posttraumatic stress disorder during ongoing political violence within the Palestinian Authority.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology,50(4), 561-568. Kentor, J., Sanderson, M. R. (2015). Foreign Investment, Political Corruption and Internal Violence.Overcoming Global Inequalities,34, 48. MMG Limited | Our Operations. (2017). Mmg.com. Retrieved 5 April 2017, from https://www.mmg.com/en/Our-Operations.aspx MMG Limited | Supporting our communities. (2017). Mmg.com. Retrieved 5 April 2017, from https://www.mmg.com/en/Sustainability-and-Community/Supporting-our-communities.aspx Moran, T. H. (2014).Multinational corporations and the politics of dependence: Copper in Chile. Princeton University Press. Oetzel, J. M., Oh, C. H. (2013). Learning to carry the cat by the tail: firm experience, disasters, and multinational subsidiary entry and expansion.Organization Science,25(3), 732-756. Zhao, M., Park, S. H., Zhou, N. (2014). MNC strategy and social adaptation in emerging markets.Journal of International Business Studies,45(7), 842-861. Morgan, M. J. (2009). DR Congos $24 trillion fortune.African Business,350, 52-56. nber.org. (2017). Nber.org. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from https://www.nber.org/reporter/spring01/hanson.html

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Focusing On Financial Fraud Control

Question: Discuss about the Focusing On Financial Fraud Control. Answer: Introduction to fraud control Modern management team members are faced with numerous global and national issues. Managers are currently crippling with an issue in professional accounting known as financial fraud control. Spicer (2016) states that fraud control is a contextual issue in many organizations which if not addressed it can result to other challenges and problems. Fraud control has become a bigger problematic issue with the growth of financial computerized systems usage, technologies in payments and receipts, and changes in financial legislations have increased more financial risks to organizations. Findings and empirical data have found out that lack of a good fraud control systems can lead to fraudulent financial practices. Financial fraud is an intentional act of manipulation of financial records in order to gain interest from them. Financial fraud can be done by any employee or person regardless of level of management (Ndofor, Wesley Priem, 2015). The financial fraud is well known to be an internal and external problem facing many organizations. Its consequences can vary with severity on organization image and resources. Research shows that organizations lose 5% of its annual revenue through employee financial fraud. In some of the business they have been forced to close due to bad image or loss of resources originating from financial fraud. Other organizations have been crippling badly on IT related financial fraud. It is reported that they lose substantial amount of resources through what is known as cyber-crime (Sthlberg F-Secure Oyj, 2015). Recommendations from company reports show that majority of them they suffer from IT related financial fraud risks because they lack IT systems that can be able to monitor any kind of financial fraud (Cosoi Bitdefender, 2014). The 12th Global survey in 2011 justified that fraud is one of the most contextual issue facing managers in several organizations. Many organizations are posed with questions on how right they need to tackle financial fraud in their systems. The impact originating from fraud related issues is huge making many organizations to employ a substantial number of resources to mitigate or eliminate the risk completely. The dependency syndrome created by several organizations has led many to fail in fraud mitigation and control. A keen observation has shown that organizations depend on the following: third part investigations, use of disciplinary actions, internal investigate mechanisms, and whistleblower hotlines. The dependency syndrome as created a culture of non-ownership of financial fraud control within the organization internal control system (Usman Shah, 2015). Criticisms have been leveled to olden management in matters of financial fraud control. The arguments of such criticisms were that the entire old fraud control was based on dead data (provision of financial control systems after a negative result). Financial records were audited first followed by control formulation from findings and recommendations. Preference of modern financial fraud control management is on the rise in organizations. It involves focusing on using forward looking forensic professional accountants who are supposed to focus on raw financial data and future events to design financial systems for fraud control (Ndofor, Wesley Priem, 2015). Financial forward looking forensic accountants are employed to ensure standards and procedures are in place to prevent frauds before they occur. The focus of this project report is providing knowledge on my course coverage to understand, explain, and recommend solutions on financial fraud control in my work place. Knowledge learnt as the panacea to financial fraud control The need to have an international recognized standard of accounting and reporting as lead to numerous scrutinys from accounting users. This has prompted managers to use accounting science to solve any emerging problem or issue. One of the subjects was on professional accounting learnt in school. It entailed a process of collecting, organizing, presentation and interpretation of business information to end users. Any professional accounting is expected to perform such functions but they need to be guided with certain accounting standards, principles, concepts and assumptions. One section that provides financial checks in accounting is known as financial audit (Verwey Asare, 2016). Fraud detection and prevention are closely related but mean different concepts. Explanation of prevention encompasses training, procedures, and communication of financial fraud from occurring, whereas detection involves techniques and activities which enable organizations to recognize any fraud from occurri ng. It is good to understand the context in which the financial control originates to be able to solve problems related to it (Shao, 2016). Many of the accounting users would accept financial reports if only they have been audited and verified to have met specific criterias. Discussions in class on role of accounting users enabled us to understand the various users of financial reports and criteria they will choose to accept such reports. The negatives of any financial audits usage made it to be discarded and new approach looked upon. Knowledge gained in class discussed a number of fundamental concepts of financial control which included: process, people, and objectives and with reasonable assurance. It means that any financial control should be human oriented involving a well-defined process that focuses on a predetermined outcome (Ramamoorti, Morrison, Koletar, Pope, 2013). All organizations depend entirely on finance, and their performance can be altered badly with a poor financial accounting system. We learnt that the goal of any organization is to have an accounting system that will act as financial check or control system. The goal provides the starting point when formulating a financial control system. There are a number financial frauds learnt in classroom (Marcel Cowen, 2014). There is financial statement fraud which includes a deliberate omission and manipulation of financial statements for own interest. Financial records fraud involves deliberate alterations, falsification and stealing of financial records for certain interests. There are other types of financial frauds that have identified them include: bankruptcy, tax evasion, and violation of legislations governing accounting (Albrecht, Holland, Malagueo, Dolan, Tzafrir, 2015) This represented examples of financial and economic crimes found outside and within the organization. The understa nding and conceptualization of the kind of financial risks is important in identification and management of financial frauds. According to Jain Godha (2014) knowing financial risks is easier way of identifying situations that can lead to financial fraud in workplaces. There certain frauds that have not been highlighted to be major but form part of frauds include; management refusal to apply accounting standards and decisions to manipulate accounting practices. Any financial frauds can lead to wrong disclosures. Knowledge of forensic accounting can form a stronger basis of mitigating and managing financial fraud risks. Jain Godha (2014) stated that the use of forensic accounting techniques is important in work related environment because it fully utilizes knowledge from several disciplines including: accounting, law, auditing and investigative skills that help to identify and solve issues related to financial fraud. The use of forensic accounting will allow a wider dimension of thinking in solving fraud related cases in organizations (Adjaoute Brighterion, 2014). Knowledge learnt opines that financial fraud can vary according to the character, nature and standard of operations. For example financial fraud can be classified based on the person performing the act or by the method employed to carry out the act. On the basis of the persons performing the act it can be an internal fraud if it involves financial fraud committed by employees within the organization or it can be external fraud if it is committed by persons outside the organizations with knowledge regarding organization procedures and systems (Yiu, Xu Wan, 2014). The third class can be mixed fraud that involves employees colluding with persons outside the organization. Classification based on the method employed to carry out the act provides the type of fraud for example stealing, financial manipulation, discrepancies, bankruptcy, and pilferage. Understanding the knowledge on classes of financial fraud is important in mitigation and explaining causes, and consequences of each type of frauds to employees. Popoola, Che-Ahmad Samsudin (2014) opines that through classwork on professional accounting we learnt that all auditors and management should be responsible ensuring financial fraud is managed. The role of a lead person in internal controls is important in providing guidance and direction on ways of managing financial frauds. Any accounting auditor must take the lead to establish an internal fraud control mechanism that will help in guiding financial procedures and activities (Boding, Wood McGirr, 2014). Employees within the organization need to be trained on matters regarding financial frauds this will create a good ethical culture. In project management we were able to learn risk management processes which involved: risk identification, assessments, and mitigations which can be applied in financial fraud management. Earlier signaling and responsive methods be adopted by the management by adopting a risk fraud evaluation and mitigation process. In addition to ensure inclusivity au ditors and management need to create an oversight team, unit or section to address cases of fraud (Campbell, Butler Raiborn, 2014). A good accounting system will prevent fraud and wastage of resources. Understanding the accounting system involves exposure to concepts, standards, procedures and assumptions governing accounting profession. Through knowledge it is necessary for organizations to create whistle blower protection policies that will ensure no victimization and recognition of employees to decisions. Financial audit involves a systematic independent inquiry to ascertain the accuracy of financial reports and processes to provide corrective measures. In organizations financial audits were used as a means of financial fraud control. Internal (within the organization) and external (outside the organization) auditors were employed to provide valuable opinions on accounting records and processes are meeting the expected standards. We were able to learn that during audit a certain process is followed focusing on specific sensitive information and lead areas. The negative findings of an audit were known as queries which were subjected to further justifications and audits (Brazel, Jones, Prawitt, 2013). Every organizations and workplaces are susceptible to financial fraud which means that not all fraud can be prevented or cost effective to try. Knowledge on audit procedures and role is important in formulation of financial fraud policies on how to manage it. It needs organizations to for mulate better cost effective ways to manage financial fraud by coming up with ways of fraud prevention and detection through audit systems (Boding, Wood McGirr, 2014). Financial audits were seen firstly, not to solve emerging problems because of dependency of old financial records. Secondly, not a proper tool in preventing the organization to emerging financial risks. Thirdly, findings of financial audits would be accepted or rejected depending with users approach. Fourthly, negative audit findings have been associated to individuals rather than the process itself. Lastly, financial audits are wastage of time because it takes a substantial time of the audited persons who should be engaging in production. The fear created during financial audits creates a financial check for a short period but is not sustainable. From the knowledge gained of financial audits and negatives of it needs a proposal of a forward looking approach of fraud financial control (Boritz, Kochetova-Kozloski Robinson, 2014). On trying to focus on use of forward looking accounting as a method to solve current issue of systems fraud control managers are faced with other issues which include; relevancy of the process to organization policy, accounting principles and practices, changing organization financial culture, and sourcing the right personnel and resources for the system (Fligstein Roehrkasse, 2016). In additional managers are faced with the changes in technology affecting computerized financial accounting systems usage which makes financial control difficult to implement. One learning outcome in school was to build a professional accountant who would be able to conceptualize financial work problems, and suggest sustainable solutions to problems. Relevancy of strategy to the project The upsurge of financial system fraud in the current global economy as prompted many management in organizations to utilize forensic accounting as become an importance factor to employ. It seen as one of the best method to certain any emerging fraud related cases. The importance of linking legal matters and accounting practices is important in providing users of accounting assurance that issues are safe. Proper strategies done in a different perspective need to be employed to ensure financial fraud is tackled (Li, Yu, Wong, Ngan, 2016). One strategic initiative to be employed in the project is stakeholder participation. There are various stakeholders in organizations who can be users, employees, and management. Stakeholder analysis involved looking each of the parties power, interest and influence then deciding better ways of engaging them in fraud process. Internal control systems in organizations should involve participation by all members. To ensure sustainability and good working culture it is necessary that workers are trained and provided with necessary tools and equipment to tackle matters regarding to fraud. Leading organizations in the world have proper working systems that have embraced better working ethical culture. Participation will involve coming up with an oversight team that will ensure fraud control operations are not personalized but grouped (Kurvinen, Ilkka, Murthy, 2016). Klein (2015) argues that other strategy to be employed in working environment to manage matters of fraud is through capacity building. Dispensing knowledge through trainings is an effective means of tackling financial frauds in working environments. Employees who have been trained and are exposed to types of fraudulent practices can discourage such events. The trainings can take place frequently and not a periodic activity. If training is done continuously it exposes employees to emerging issues to fraudulent practices. It is then becomes an important factor solution to sustainability of fraud practices. Employing the right recruitment procedures is important. Conclusion The use of financial controls becomes a useful purpose in organizations which is designed to detect, prevent and mitigate financial frauds in workplaces. In addition financial controls focus on ensuring financial reporting compliance with required financial standards, laws, regulations and operation efficiency. Financial fraud is a major problem facing many organization this has prompted management of many organizations to look at competitive ways to mitigate and prevent it. It is important for management of organizations to provide other employees with necessary information that enables them to make necessary decisions on financial frauds. The management of organizations is tasked with the responsibilities to set up an internal control system that will provide assurance to financial users that financial fraud can be prevented. In addition the management is task with a responsibility to define each partys roles in mitigating or eliminating financial frauds. Successful working station s are that have proper means of evaluating and identifying risk through risk management techniques. Risk management takes a leading role in ensuring that the business does not suffer from the effects of a financial fraud. Setting priorities, culture, and ethical codes are important channels in ensuring fraud management takes place in a sustainable manner. To ensure that financial control is acceptable to all the relevant stakeholders the course of action need to be justifiable and each party is treated equally in respective of the level of management. Management and employees need to look at management of financial fraud in a wider perspective to ensure a sustainable solution to the problem. Recommendations The project report found the following strategies based on lessons learnt and research findings important in management of financial fraud in work place, and organizations can utilize them. The top management needs to enhance ethical culture of fraud control by ensuring full commitment. The top commitment will become a representation model to other employees to follow. Majority of organizations prefer the use of an enforced corporate code of ethics and use of proactive fraud risk assessments prevention mechanisms becomes useful in identification and fraud control (Rodgers, Sderbom, Guiral, 2015). The management will need to change the attitude of the employees towards auditing process. Internal controls involve likely changing attitudes of the employees towards auditors. In the work place the employees fear the auditors or the auditing process. There have misconceptions that auditing is responsibility of audit team. By ensuring participation through communication that will strengthen employees interest and motivation to work ethically. Any post-investigation research and proper forensic analysis clearly indicate that employees are part of any fraudulent ring. A forensic research policy needs to be implemented in a work place to ensure that a clear financial fraud litigation process is known. It is necessary for organization to employ forensic accounting (auditors) to help in proper forensic research and analysis to facilitate litigation process. It becomes easier taking action before a financial fraud occurs in a workplace (Adjaoute Brighterion, 2014). Observations and listening to employees is helpful in risk identification. It is a clear way to expose things that need to be addressed and to identify financial risks. Management in work place need to take the initiative of spending time observing and listening to their employees in their respective work stations. Risk identification, response and mitigation techniques are important components in ensuring financial fraud risks are well managed. Another best way of managing financial fraud in work places is by segregating duties to various individuals. Segregation of duties involves dividing, allocating work and establishing responsibility to them. The process of segregating duties enhances responsibility and accountability in addition helps in ensuring that a good internal control system is maintained. Another benefit resulting from segregating duties if argued is the spreading of risks to a number of key persons. Better corporate culture is essential in any organization that prevents organizational financial fraud. It creates a good positive working environment that employees are motivated to work on. The corporate culture should ensure that every employee to be responsible to any actions committed. Organizations need have a representative term defining financial fraud among its core values, and outline standards to achieve it. The management within the work place needs to have a regular detection strategy that can be updated and reviewed continuously to adapt to the changing work dynamism. Each of the employees needs to be aware of the existing fraud risk policy that defines category of risks and consequences associated to them. References Adjaoute, A., Brighterion, I., 2014. Artificial intelligence fraud management solution. U.S. Patent Application 14/514,381 Albrecht, C., Holland, D., Malagueo, R., Dolan, S. and Tzafrir, S., 2015. The main role of power in financial statement fraud schemes. Journal of Business Ethics, 131(4), pp.803-813 Boding, B.S., Wood, N. and McGirr, M., 2014. Acquirer facing fraud management system and application methods. U.S. Patent Application 14/292,684 Boritz, J.E., Kochetova-Kozloski, N. and Robinson, L., 2014. Are fraud specialists relatively more effective than auditors at modifying audit programs in the presence of fraud risk?. The Accounting Review, 90(3), pp.881-915 Brazel, J.F., Jones, K.L. and Prawitt, D.F., 2013. Auditors' reactions to inconsistencies between financial and nonfinancial measures: The interactive effects of fraud risk assessment and a decision prompt. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 26(1), pp.131-156 Campbell, L., Butler, J. and Raiborn, C., 2014. Minimizing Fraud during a Boom Business Cycle. Management Accounting Quarterly, 16(1) Cosoi, C.A., Bitdefender IPR Management Ltd., 2014. Systems and methods for electronic fraud prevention. U.S. Patent 8,695,100 Fligstein, N. and Roehrkasse, A.F., 2016. The Causes of Fraud in the Financial Crisis of 2007 to 2009: Evidence from the Mortgage-Backed Securities Industry. American Sociological Review, 81(4), pp.617-643 Jain, P. and Godha, A., 2014. Forensic Accounting: A Burgeoning Tool to Prevent Financial Fraud. SELP Journal of Social Science, pp.97-103 Klein, R., 2015. How to avoid or minimize fraud exposures. The CPA Journal, 85(3), p.6. Kurvinen, M., Ilkka, T. and Murthy, D.P., 2016. Warranty Fraud Management: Reducing Fraud and Other Excess Costs in Warranty and Service Operations. John Wiley Sons